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Active Elbow-Joint Brace

Mechanical Engineers Enable Many to Regain Use of Their Arms

December 1, 2004

A new electrically powered brace can give people with stroke-induced spinal cord injuries or disabilities use of their arms again. Wrapped like a removable, flexible cast around the arm, the brace contains special sensors that line up with the bicep muscle. When a patient tries to curl his arm, the sensors detect the electrical signals fired from the muscle and kicks a motor into gear to push up on the arm.

How do electrical signals work in the muscles?

Science behind the news is funded by a generous grant from the NSF

Electricity can be painful or even fatal to our bodies in large doses, like a bolt of lightning, or the electrical chairs used in some states to execute criminals. But the body uses electricity in much smaller doses all the time. In fact, electrical signals are a key component in the communication system between the brain and the rest of the body.

The brain contains roughly 100 billion nerve cells, called neurons. It's their job to gather and transmit signals, similar to the way the gates and wires in a computer operate. There are many different types; the shape of a neuron gives it its function. Muscle contractions are controlled by motor neurons, which carry signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, skins and glands in the body. Those signals are transmitted over neural pathways.

The simplest type of neural pathway is a reflex pathway -- for example, the knee-jerk reflex you experience when the doctor taps just the right spot on your knee with a rubber hammer during an examination. A sensory neuron detects the tap and passes an electrical "message" to a motor neuron, telling it to release a neutrotransmitter (a communication chemical) to the muscle cells, causing them to contract or expand in response. The reaction is so simple, the brain isn't needed. But for more complex tasks or functions, much more complicated "circuitry" is required.


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Did you know?...

  • Stun guns, or "tasers," hit the body of a target with a high-voltage, low-intensity electrical charge. It combines with the electrical signals being emitted by the brain and scrambles those signals, making it difficult for the body to decipher messages. So the target becomes temporarily confused and partially paralyzed.
  • On August 6, 1890, at Sing-Sing prison, a convict named William Kemmler became the first person to be executed in the electric chair.

More information on this story

Martha J. Heil
mheil@aip.org
American Institute of Physics
Tel: 301-209-3088


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